For something that grows so carelessly and freely on our fruits and breads, mass producing the white mold and its hidden wonder drug penicillin was devilishly difficult. After Alexander Fleming’s accidental discovery of a bacteria-killing mold contaminating his cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, it languished as a laboratory parlor trick until World War II and the desperate need for treatments to fight bacterial infections became quickly apparent (1).
An image of Alexander Fleming’s original culture of penicillium mold. In his 1929 paper, it is described as a “photograph of a culture-plate showing the dissolution of staphylococcal colonies”. Image: A Fleming. Click for source.
Researchers working at Oxford University in the late 1930s had been able to isolate the penicillin compound and prove demonstrably that it could be used to treat deadly infections but the matter of transforming the spores from kitchen pests to medicinal powerhouses still remained. In 1941, struggling under the relentless blitz of their cities and factories, Britain turned to the United States to develop methods of the industrial manufacturing of penicillin (2).
It would be another fluke – the discovery of a moldy cantaloupe – that would yield a particular strain of mold that could produce prodigious amounts of this “magic bullet” antibiotic. Factories with the expert know-how on man-handling yeast and fungi into yielding their strange fruits – alcohol distilleries and mushroom factories – were then tasked with the production of penicillin (2). Watch the video below to catch a glimpse of the very beginnings of what would ultimately become a behemoth pharmaceutical industry.
I love this video and all of its unspoken implications. The manufacturing of mankind’s very first antibiotic. The dynamism of an industry on the verge of changing death itself. Women in lab coats, Rosie the Riveter lab gals, toiling away in the molasses and mushroom factories to stop their young men from dying from sepsis (and to help cure those pesky gonorrhea infections!). Watching this video and swayed by the brimming optimism of its narrator, I thought, “By golly, with penicillin we CAN win this war!” And we did – penicillin radically changed the outlook of the war for the Allies, while Germany’s pharmaceutical companies scrambled, frantically trying to find the one strain of mold that would produce penicillin in its required quantities.
We won the war against the fascists but we’ve largely lost the war on microbes. This video will make you fall in love with the once mighty power of antibiotics but our Pyrrhic victory has now brought the battle to hospitals and antibiotic-resistant bacteria have turned against us again. Penicillin is now only effective for a chump change of bacteria and we are swiftly running out of our very best options. Enjoy this video and reflect on our short-lived golden age of antibiotics.
Resources
You can read Alexander Fleming’s paper on his oddball discovery, “On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to their Use in the Isolation of B. influenzæ” published in 1929 in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology, here.
Absolutely fantastic: Fleming’s “germ paintings” using pigmented bacteria.
An ancient Sudanese tribe may have been guzzling penicillin in their beer, the antibiotic a by-product of the fermentation process. Sign this girl up!
Kulturkampf: The German Quest for Penicillin details the history of Germany’s efforts to steal/secure Fleming’s strain of mold and the penicillin arms race with the US and Britain.
References
(1) A Fleming (1929) On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to their Use in the Isolation of B. influenzæ. Br J Exp Pathol; 10(3): 226–236
(2) J Stafford (December 4, 1943) More Penicillin Coming. Science News-Letters. 44(23): 362-4
&NA;, . (1930). Antibacterial Action in Cultures of Penicillium, With Special Reference to Their Use in Isolation of Bacillus Influenzas The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 180 (3) DOI: 10.1097/00000441-193009000-00056
BODY HORRORS 
It was Howard Florey did all the hard work, Flemming just pinched the idea and big noted himself.
Hey Paul, thanks for visiting! Yes, Fleming does indeed get much of the credit but the man did discover the mold! Serendipitous as his discovery was, he was also the first to write about it and bring to the attention of microbiologists. Howard Florey and his peer Ernst Chain, the British researchers I allude to, were the ones to actually isolate the penicillin compound 11 years later and were largely responsible for championing its production in the United States. All three men won the Noble Prize in Physiology/Medicine in 1945.
Sooooooo, I don’t think Fleming “big noted” anything but Florey and Chain certainly deserve more recognition for their important work.
Howard Florey was Australian, not British. He was featured on the $50 not for a number of years.
Hey Richard, thanks for correcting me there! I should’ve said “British-based”. Florey is our star Australian researcher and Chain was German; both men conducted their work at Oxford. My apologies, it has been corrected in the article. If anyone is interested in hearing more about Florey and Chain, the Chemical Heritage Foundation has a nice long article going into more detail about their biographies, their work at Oxford and the development of industrial manufacturing methods.
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I loved that video – the music was so happy and the narrator really seemed to love talking about mold! Obviously penicillin alone didn’t win the war but you have to wonder if the outcome might have been slight different if Hans Knöll had been just a bit more successful in his efforts
I love the video for the same reasons: so much pep and vigor! I certainly think penicillin played a heavy role in the end of the conflict – for any war in human history, there have been more causalities attributed to wound infections than to death by combat. Penicillin completely changed the rules of the games for the Allies and all thanks to a lowly little cantaloupe! Great stuff.
I guess at this point, we should start treating our antibiotics like any of our other non-renewable resources. Research and development for new antibiotics has slowed down significantly from lack of investment. In Wikipedia’s discussion of antibiotic resistance, they indicate that a global health disaster appears likely. True or not, I’d like to not resort to placebo-induced drugs in the future.
I’ve been reading quite a bit in the news recently about all sorts of bad things with antibiotic resistance. What do you think the odds are that the next variety of bacteria killing mold is lurking on another moldy fruit? Do you think that every bacteria has a natural enemy that can combat it somewhere, or will there come a point when we simply run out of possibilities to combat resistant strains?